European buckthorn ( " Rhamnus cathartica " ) is a particularly aggressive invader in these degraded oak habitats.
2.
"Frangula alnus " is one of just two food plants ( the other being " Rhamnus cathartica " ) used by the thrushes.
3.
"Rhamnus cathartica " is also associated with invasive European earthworms ( " Lumbricus " spp . ) in the northern Midwest of North America.
4.
In the limestone mountains of Andalusia a detectable role is played by thickets " pluvilunares " and hummocks of common buckthorn ( " Rhamnus cathartica " ).
5.
This species is the alternate host for the important rust disease of cereals caused by " Puccinia coronata " . " Rhamnus cathartica " is also the primary overwintering host in North America for an important agricultural pest of soybeans, the soybean aphid.
6.
The eggs are laid singly on the leaves of either common buckthorn ( " Rhamnus cathartica " ) or alder buckthorn ( " Rhamnus frangula " ) the only two food plants and females will wander far and wide in search for these particular shrubs.
7.
In areas that have already been colonized, the number of worms can be reduced by removal of introduced shrubs such as common buckthorn ( " Rhamnus cathartica " ) and honeysuckle ( e . g ., " Lonicera x bella " ), which produce leaf litter favored by worms.
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